CsI
CsI(Tl) is one of the brightest scintillators. The maximum of the broad emission is situated at 550nm and the emission is, therefore, not well matched to a bialkali photocathode photomultiplier tube. This results in a photoelectron yield for γ-rays which amounts to 45% of the value for NaI(Tl). Since CsI(Tl) has most of its emission in the long wavelength part of the spectrum, the material is well-suited for photodiode readout. CsI(Tl) has a light output of 54 photons/ keV and is one of the brightest scintillators known. It has been widely used in many fields, such as Security check, Detection of neutrinos, Detection of neutrinos γ-ray, XCT.
Cesium Iodide, activated with Sodium – CsI(Na) – is one of the brightest available scintillators, with a broad emission peaking at 420nm. CsI(Na) has good stopping power, physically rugged and and well suited to a broad range of applications. Na-doped cesium iodide (Na:CsI) is an important alkali metal halide inorganic scintillator that is widely used as laser-stimulable transparent film and X-ray detection materials.
Undoped CsI, also called CsI(pure) has an emission maximum at 315nm with an intensity one tenth that of the doped CsI crystals. It exhibits fast (~10 ns) emission, peaking at 310 nm, but its scintillation yield at room temperature is very low. But its light yield at 77 K reaches an impressive 100,000 ph/MeV, that makes pure CsI a very attractive scintillator for detector applications at low temperatures.
Parameter
| Chemical formula | CsI |
| Appearance | white crystalline solid |
| Crystal structure | CsCl, cP2 |
| Space group | Pm3m, No. 221[5] |
| Lattice constant | a = 0.4503 nm |
| Lattice volume (V) | 0.0913 nm3 |
| Formula units (Z) | 1 |
| Coordination geometry | Cubic (Cs+) |
| Cubic (I−) |
| Chemical formula | TI:CsI | Na:CsI | CsI |
| Density (g/cm3) | 4.51 | 4.51 | 4.51 |
| Melting point (℃) | 894 | 621 | 894 |
| Hardness (Mho) | 2 | 2 | 2 |
| Hygroscopic | Slightly | Yes | Slightly |
| Cleavage | No | No | No |
| Solubility (g/100gH2O) | N/A | N/A | / |
| Thermal expansion coeff (C-1) | 54*10-6 | 54*10-6 | 54*10-6 |
| Chemical formula | TI:CsI | Na:CsI | CsI |
| Wavelength(Max. emission) (nm) | 550 | 420 | 315 |
| Wavelength range (nm) | 320- | 300- | 260- |
| Decay time (ns) | 900 | 300 | 16 |
| Light yield (photons/keV) | 54 | 41 | 2 |
| Light output relative to Nal(Tl) (%) | 45 | 85 | 5 |
| Refractive index | 1.8@550nm | 1.84 (@420nm) | 1.95 |
| Radiation length (cm) | 1.86 | 1.86 | 1.86 |
| Optical transmission (um) | TBA | TBA | / |
| Transmittance (%) | TBA | TBA | / |
| Reflection loss/surface (%) | TBA | TBA | / |
| Neutron Capture Cross-section (barns) | 1.47 | TBA | / |
| Afterglow (%) | 0.5-5.0 | 0.5-5.0 | / |
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| CsI emission spectra | CsI decay time |
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| CsI X-ray radioluminscence spectra | Na-CsI emission spectrum |
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| Na-CsI response waveform | Na-CsI transmission spectra |
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| TI-CsI Emission spectra | TI-CsI Transmission spectra |
Feature
Application
Literature
Feature
- Relatively bright
- Good absorbers with good stopping powers
- Broadly emitting with a 420nm peak, well matched to use with PMTs
- Robust with good mechanically characteristics
- Easy growth
- High photoelectric conversion efficiency
- Low melting point
Application
- Geological logging
- Specialist applications in high energy, nuclear, space and medical physics
- Detection of neutrinos
- Position sensitive detector
- Security check
- Detection of neutrinos γ-ray
- Industrial CT camera
- PET-CT
Literature
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| [2] Ueki T , Nohtomi A , Wakabayashi G , et al. A Design Study of Application of the CsI Self-Activation Method to the Neutron Rem-Counter Technique[J]. Radiation Measurements, 2019, 128:106181. |
| [3] Yahampath P . Video coding for OFDM systems with imperfect CSI: A hybrid digital–analog approach[J]. Signal Processing: Image Communication, 2020, 87. |
| [4] Su C , Xin G B , Ht B , et al. Study of the noncovalent interactions between phenolic acid and lysozyme by cold spray ionization mass spectrometry (CSI-MS), multi-spectroscopic and molecular docking approaches[J]. Talanta, 211. |
| [5] Cabanelas, Gonzalez, Alvarez-Pol, et al. Performance recovery of long CsI(Tl) scintillator crystals with APD-based readout. |
| [6] Non-uniformity effects on the light-output calibration of light charged particles in CsI(Tl) scintillator crystals[J]. Nuclear Instruments & Methods in Physics Research, 2019, 929(JUN.11):162-172. |
| [7] Khodadoost E , Araghi M . Scintillation response of Europium and Indium-co-doped CsI(Na) single crystal under the exposure of gamma-ray[J]. Nuclear Instruments & Methods in Physics Research. Section A, Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment, 2019, 942(OCT.21):162351.1-162351.5. |
| [8] Mishra G , Tripathi S N , Saud T , et al. Study on CCN activity of fission product aerosols (CsI and CsOH) and their effect on size and other properties[J]. Atmospheric Research, 2019, 236:104816. |
| [9] Li H , Wang Z , Wang H . Joint User Association and Power Allocation for Massive MIMO HetNets with Imperfect CSI[J]. Signal Processing, 2020, 173(11):107588. |
| [10] Zhou W , Rao W , Lu S . Market stability analysis after the circuit breaker for the CSI 300 energy index[J]. Finance Research Letters, 2019:101348. |
| [11] Shahmaleki S , Rahmani F . Investigation on the Scintillation Characteristics of CsI(Tl) Crystal with Eu Dopant: Monte Carlo Simulation Using GATE Code and Experimental Results[J]. Optik – International Journal for Light and Electron Optics, 2019, 201:163492. |
| [12] Khodadoost E , Araghi M . Morphology, optical and scintillation properties of Eu~(2+)-sensitized CsI(Na) thick film[J]. Nuclear Instruments & Methods in Physics Research, 2019, 920(MAR.11):7-13. |
| [13] Mishra G , Mandariya A K , Tripathi S N , et al. Hygroscopic growth of CsI and CsOH particles in context of nuclear reactor accident research[C]// Proceedings IASTA-2018. 2018. |
| [14] Torre S D . Gaseous counters with CsI photocathodes: The compass rich[J]. Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A Accelerators Spectrometers Detectors and Associated Equipment, 2020, 970:163768. |
| [15] X Ouyang, Liu B , X Xiang, et al. Enhanced light output of CsI(Na) scintillators by photonic crystals[J]. Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A Accelerators Spectrometers Detectors and Associated Equipment, 2020, 969:164007. |
| [16] Frosin C , Barlini S , Poggi G , et al. Energy response and identification efficiency of CsI(Tl) crystals irradiated with energetic protons[J]. Journal of Physics Conference Series, 2020, 1561:012010. |
| [17] Askari M , Taheri A , Larijani M M , et al. Evaluation of CsI(Na) rod scintillator application in industrial gamma-ray computed tomography[J]. Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A Accelerators Spectrometers Detectors and Associated Equipment, 2019, 941(OCT.11):162329.1-162329.8. |
| [18] Madan R , Kumar N , Gupta A , et al. Effect of prophylactic Granulocyte-Colony Stimulating factor (G-CSF) on acute hematological toxicity in medulloblastoma patients during Craniospinal Irradiation (CSI)[J]. Clinical Neurology and Neurosurgery, 2020, 196. |
| [19] Chen H , Gu M , Liu X , et al. Effect of CsI(Tl) micro-conical-frustums on the performance of the pixelated CsI(Tl) scintillation screen in X-ray imaging[J]. NUCLEAR INSTRUMENTS AND METHODS IN PHYSICS RESEARCH SECTION A, 2019. |
| [20] Shi G Z , Chen R F , Chen K , et al. Development of a position sensitive CsI(Tl) crystal array[J]. Nuclear Engineering and Technology, 2019, 52(4). |
| [21] Ouyang X , Liu B , Xiang X , et al. CsI(Na) micron-scale particles-based composite material for fast pulsed X-ray detection[J]. Nuclear instruments and methods in physics research, 2020, 953(Feb.11):163120.1-163120.4. |
| [22] Gdp A , Sgs A , Dgd A , et al. Effect of OH content in the quartz crucible on the growth and quality of CsI single crystals and remedies[J]. Journal of Crystal Growth, 2020, 544. |
| [23] Im A , Ae A , Mym B , et al. Characterization of CsI(Tl) and LYSO(Ce) scintillator detectors by measurements and Monte Carlo simulations[J]. Applied Radiation and Isotopes, 2019, 154:108878-. |
| [24] Luo Q , Liao J Y , Li X F , et al. Calibration of the Instrumental Response of Insight-HXMT/HE CsI Detectors for Gamma-Ray Monitoring[J]. Journal of High Energy Astrophysics, 2020. |
| [25] Krishnaiah M , Khan M , Kumar A , et al. Impact of CsI concentration, relative humidity, and annealing temperature on lead-free Cs2SnI6 perovskites: Toward visible light photodetectors application – ScienceDirect[J]. Materials Letters, 269. |
| [26] Williams, Andreoiu, Ball, et al. The CsI ball ancillary detector array for TIP and TIGRESS at TRIUMF. |
| [27] Chen Q , Gong Y . The economic sources of China’s CSI 300 spot and futures volatilities before and after the 2015 stock market crisis[J]. International Review of Economics & Finance, 2019, 64. |
| [28] Trainum J L . The CSI effect on cold case investigations[J]. Forensic Science International, 2019, 301:455-460. |
| [29] Knyazev A , Park J , Golubev P , et al. Tl concentration and its variation in a CsI(Tl) crystal for the CALIFA detector[J]. Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A Accelerators Spectrometers Detectors and Associated Equipment, 2020:164197. |
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